General Review of Algorithms Presented for Image Segmentation

Image segmentation commonly known as partitioning of an image is one of the intrinsic parts of any image processing technique. In this image pre processing step, the digital image of choice is segregated into sets of pixels on the basis of some predefined and preselected measures or standards. There have been presented many algorithms for segmenting a digital image. This paper presents a general review of algorithms that have been presented for the purpose of image segmentation. Segmenting or dividing a digital image into region of interests or meaningful structures in general plays a momentous role in quite a few image processing tasks. Image analysis, image visualization, object representation are some of them. The prime objective of segmenting a digital image is to change its representation so that it looks more expressive for image analysis. During the course of action in image segmentation, each and every pixel of the image segmentation is assigned a label or value. The pixels that share the same value also share homogeneous traits. The examples can include color, texture, intensity or some other features. Image segmentation can be defined as the technique to divide the an image f (x, y) into a non empty subset f1, f2, ...., fn which is continuous and disconnected. This step contributes in feature extraction. There are quite a few applications where image segmentation plays a pivotal role. These applications vary from image filtering, face recognition, medical imagingShow MoreRelatedEvolutionary Computing Based Approach For Unsupervised Image Clustering Using Elitist Ga1474 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract— Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a stochastic randomized blind search and optimization technique based on evolutionary computing that has already been proved to be robust and effective from its outcome in solving problems from variety of application domains. Clustering is a vital technique to extract meaningful and hidden information from the datasets. 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Clinical Reasoning Combining Research and Knowledge to Enhance Client Care Free Essays

Making sound and client-centered clinical decisions in an area that demands accountability and evidence-based practice requires not only scientific knowledge, but also a deep knowledge of the practice of one’s profession and of what it means to be human in the world of combined strength and vulnerability that is health care. Every clinician must understand the importance of applying best research evidence to client care, the essence of evidence–based practice, to improve the overall quality of healthcare. Research continues to find that using evidence-based guidelines in practice, informed through research evidence, improves patients’ outcomes (Dykes et al, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Reasoning: Combining Research and Knowledge to Enhance Client Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now The literature is replete with definitions of evidence-based practice. Simply stated, evidence-based practice is the process of applying research to practice. Originating from the medical field in 1991, the term evidence-based medicine was established to ensure that medical research was systematically evaluated in a manner that could â€Å"inform medicine and save lives and that is superior to simply looking at the results of individual clinical trials† (Wampold Bhati, 2004). An evidence-based practice is considered any practice that has been established as effective through scientific research according to a set of explicit criteria (Drake, et al, 2001). The term evidence-based practice is also used to describe a way of practicing, or an approach to practice. For example, evidence-based medicine has been described as â€Å"the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients† (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, et al, 1996). Evidence-based medicine is further described as the â€Å"integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values† (Sackett, Straus, Richardson, Rosenberg, Haynes, 2000). Rather than a relationship based on asymmetrical information and authority, in evidence-based practice the relationship is characterized by a sharing of information and of decision-making. The clinician does not decide what is best for the client, but rather the clinician provides the client with up-to-date information about what the best-evidence is regarding the client’s situation, what options are available, and likely outcomes. With this information communicated in culturally and linguistically appropriate ways clients are supported to make decisions for themselves whenever and to the extent possible. According to Burns and Grove evidence-based practice is nothing more than a problem-solving approach to the care that we deliver that takes into consideration the best evidence from research studies in combination with clinical expertise and the patient’s preferences and values (Burns Grove, 2004). Pierce described in â€Å"Evidence-Based Practice in Rehabilitation Nursing† that â€Å"making patient-care decisions with current information and one’s clinical expertise enhances the ability to provide the best practice†. The author added that â€Å"evidence-based practice is a process that begins with knowing what clinical questions to ask, how to find the best evidence, and how to clinically appraise the evidence for validity and applicability to the particular care situation†. Then, the best evidence must be applied by a clinician with expertise in considering the patient’s unique values and needs. As stated by Law MacDermit, â€Å"evidence for practice is not only about using research evidence, but using it in partnership with excellent clinical reasoning and paying close attention to the client’s stated goals, needs, and values†(Law MacDermit, 2008). Although the terms best practices and evidence-based practice are often used interchangeably, these terms have different meanings. Evidence-based practice can be a best practice, but a best practice is not necessarily evidence-based; best practices are simply ideas and strategies that work, such as programs, services, or interventions that produce positive client outcomes or reduce costs (Ling, 2000). In order to bring research and knowledge into someone’s practice, it’s necessary to think critically. Becoming a critical thinker is a prerequisite of becoming an evidence-based clinician. But what is critical thinking? Critical thinking involves the application of knowledge and experience to identify patient problems and to direct clinical judgments and actions that result in positive patient outcomes. Critical reflection requires that the thinker examine the underlying assumptions and radically question or doubt the validity of arguments, assertions, and even facts of the case. Critical reflective skills are also essential for clinicians; however, these skills are not sufficient for the clinician who must decide how to act in particular situations and avoid patient injury (Wheatley DN, 1999). Critical reasoning is a process whereby knowledge and experience are applied in considering multiple possibilities to achieve the desired goals (Noll et al, 2001) while considering the patient’s situation (Fowler, 1997). According to Simmons it’s a process where both inductive and deductive cognitive skills are used (Simmons et al, 2003). Each client’s problem is unique, a product of many factors, including the client’s physical health, lifestyle, culture, relationship with family and friends, living environment, and experiences. Thus, a health care professional does not always have a clear picture of the client’s needs when first meeting a client. Because no two clients have identical problems, a clinician is always challenged to observe each client closely, search for and examine ideas and inferences about client problems, consider scientific principles relating to the problems, recognize the problems and develop an approach to client’s care. When clinicians make healthcare decisions for a population or group of clients using research evidence, this can be described as evidence-based healthcare practice. Another prerequisite to becoming an evidence-based clinician is to be a reflective professional. Reflection is an important aspect of critical thinking. As described by Miller Babcock reflection is â€Å"the process of purposefully thinking back or recalling a situation to discover its purpose or meaning. With reflection, a clinician seeks to understand the relationships between theoretical concepts and real-life situations. The importance of reflecting on what you are doing, as part of the learning process, has been emphasised by many researchers. The concept of reflective practice was introduced by Donald Schon in his book named â€Å"The Reflective Practitioner† edited in 1983, however, the concepts underlying reflective practice are much older. John Dewey was among the first to write about Reflective Practice with his exploration of experience, interaction and reflection (Dewey, 1933). Schon described the concept as a critical process in refining one’s artistry or craft in a specific discipline. The author recommended reflective practice as a way for beginners in a discipline to recognize consonance between their own individual practices and those of successful practitioners. He also stated that reflective practice â€Å"involves thoughtfully considering one’s own experiences in applying knowledge to practice while being coached by professionals in the discipline† (Schon, 1996). As it was earlier said, there are a few steps toward evidence-based practice and rehabilitation. The first and the most important step in evidence-based practice is to determine a well-designed question that not only affects quality care but is of interest to the rehabilitation clinician and is encountered in practice on a regular basis. A useful ramework for formulating an appropriate clinical question is suggested by Sackett colleagues. (Sackett, 2000). They proposed that a good clinical question should have at least three and sometimes four components: Patient or Problem; Intervention; Comparison (not mandatory); Outcome of interest. This has been referred to as the PICO (Patient /Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) or PIO (Patient / Problem, Intervention , Outcome) approach. The question usually comes from diverse sources. As stated by Pierce, â€Å"the most common source is the rehabilitation practice itself†. Once the question in searching of evidence was formulated, the next and probably the most important step is to find the relevant evidence in the literature that will help in answering the question. It can be difficult to distinguish relevant from irrelevant information and to decide which source contains the most credible information and research data. Using research findings in practice improves care. Research utilization occurs at three levels—instrumental, conceptual, and symbolic: 1. Instrumental utilization is the direct, explicit application of knowledge gained from research to change practice (Gills Jackson, 2002). 2. Conceptual utilization refers to the use of findings to enhance one’s understanding of a problem or issue in nursing (Gills Jackson, 2002). 3. Symbolic utilization is the use of evidence to change minds of other people, usually decision makers (Profetto-McGrath, Hesketh, Lang, Estabrooks, 2003). According to Hameedullah Khalid, â€Å"all evidence must be appraised in the following areas: validity, importance and applicability to the clinical scenario† (Hameedullah Khalid, 2008). Performing the previous steps will result in the appearance of a concrete piece of evidence which should be valid and important for the question in consideration. Now is the time to combine the clinical expertise and experience with the evidence generated to improve the outcome of specific client scenarios. It is also important to remember client’s values and circumstances while making such decisions. The evidence regarding both efficacy and risks should be fully discussed with the client in order to allow them to make an informed decision. This approach allows the formation of a decision in consultation with the client in the presence of good evidence and is consistent with the fundamental principle of evidence-based practice i. e. ntegration of good evidence with clinical expertise and patient values (Hameedullah Khalid, 2008). Whether the intervention was appropriate and resulted in good clinical outcome for a certain group of clients, in a particular clinician’s hands, will only be answered by careful prospective outcome research. As Strauss and Sackett have suggested, we need to ask whether we are formulating answerable que stions, finding good evidence quickly, effectively appraising the evidence, and integrating clinical expertise and patient’s values with the evidence in a way that leads to a rational, acceptable management strategy (Straus Sackett, 1998). Although the importance of research-based practice was identified decades ago and has gradually been adopted by rehabilitation professions, there are a number of challenges for clinicians who are attempting to be use research to aid in clinical decision-making. According to Bohannon and Leveau most challenges can be grouped under one of three areas: research methods, clinicians’ skill, and administrative factors (Bohannon Leveau, 1998). The research procedures of randomly assigning patients to an experimental or control group, using standardized outcomes measures that may not have real-world relevance, and the difficulty of blinding investigators and clients to the research procedures all make research results difficult to be implemented, interpreted and utilized clinically (Ritchie, 2001). Evidence-based practice requires clinicians to read current research literature, understand research methodology, and incorporate best evidence into practice as appropriate. As Sumison noted in one of his studies, it may be difficult to use in client-centered practice. The research literature may be difficult to access and relevant information is often not compiled in one place (Sumison, 1997). Interpreting and implementing research evidence also requires clinical skill, judgement, and experience. Deciding what constitutes evidence that justifies a change in practice can be challenging and the opportunity for bias exists at every stage of the process as Pomeroy observed in one of his articles from 2003 (Pomeroy, 2003). There are many other factors that present challenges to clinicians who are attempting to use evidence to guide their practice. Time constraints are almost universally identified as a primary limiting factor. Schreiber and Stern stated that â€Å"clinicians refer to pressures of today’s health care environment and administrators’ emphasis on productivity as factors that directly inhibit their ability to seek out, gather, read, and integrate cientific information relevant to daily practice† (Schreiber and Stern, 2005). The concept of evidence-based practice is of great importance for rehabilitation and physiotherapy to allow for increased insight for all involved including patients, clinicians, third-party payers, and government and health care organizations, into the clinical decision-making processes. The purpose of promoting this paradigm is optimum quality of care with conservation of professional autonomy. How to cite Clinical Reasoning: Combining Research and Knowledge to Enhance Client Care, Essays

Resilience Aboriginal Communities In Crisis -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Resilience Aboriginal Communities In Crisis? Answer: Introducation: Cultural and historical events greatly influences health migration and incorporating components of new culture came into origin of a particular culture. The culture and history on health is vast affecting perceptions of illness, health, death and beliefs about disease causes helping healthcare professionals to design and tailor diagnosis, and health promotion approaches (Anderson Kowal, 2012). Ethnicity and racial differences present a complex structure of health differences predisposing them to risk factors in every dimension. These differences are clear as ethnic or racial groups are rooted in complex interlocked factors of socio-economic status. Risk factors include behavioural risk factors that predispose cultural groups to chronic disease and subjected to abusive behaviours related to it like substance abuse or violent behaviour (Spector, 2012). Healthcare behaviour also contribute to risk as health seeking behaviour, avoidance or utilization of healthcare, doctor-patient relat ionship and compliance to medical regimens also give rise to varying health differences. For example, Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander and Chinese families in Australia are subjected to certain risk factors due to current and historical events in Australia with differences in health outcomes that will be discussed in the following essay. Moreover, the essay will highlight the influence of service care provision and healthcare policies on health outcomes of these two cultural groups. Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) is the original Australian people that are unrivalled in the whole world occupying traditional lands through the mainland country. TSI on the other hand occupies 270 islands running in between Papua New Guinea and Australia. There are cultural and ethical differences within ATSI societies having own traditions and language being original custodians of Australia (Garling et al. 2013). On a contrary, Chinese Australians are the second largest immigrants source in Australia after India. During the Australian Gold Rushes period, Chinese came to Australia shaping and influencing Australian policy for years (Pang, Alfrey Varea, 2016). Racism is one of the main driving factors that affected Australian Federation. This immigration depicts that there was bimodal distribution of Chinese in Australia where some tended to face language difficulties and experienced high unemployment rate. In stark contrast, Few Chinese came as business or profession al migrants who brought great wealth and skills with them. On a contrary, Colonization and assimilation of government into mainstream Western society has an impact on every aspect of ATSI life including traditional roles, health, socio-economic conditions, health equity, access to services and culture (Tousignant Sioui, 2013). The policies and procedures post- colonization by government assimilation had contribute to the Aboriginal people marginalization from the mainstream society having a disruptive and profound impact on their health, access to healthcare services, socio-economic welfare and culture around the world. This resulted in reduction of Australian Aboriginal population by 90% between 1788 and 1900 (Haskins Lowrie, 2014). The above comparison shows that being the original people in Australia, ASTI faced discrimination and marginalization post-colonization practiced even today. However, Chinese Australians being immigrants left a mark on the Australian history changing the phase of present Australian society. After the British settlement, there was appearance of European diseases being the immediate consequence of British colonization like smallpox, chicken pox, measles and influenza (Greenwood de Leeuw, 2012). These are infectious disease spread quickly among the Aboriginal communities on a large scale. Moreover, the nomadic life of Aboriginals was disrupted as they were driven away from their lands resulting in reduction of access to water resources and land (Tuck Yang, 2012). By 1980s, all Aboriginal lands were taken away by white settlers and already weakened by appearance of new diseases; it reduced the chances for ATSI survival. The stolen lands and civilization also contributed to their present health conditions as compared to non-indigenous population in Australia (Land, 2015). This is evident in the fact that as per Aboriginals cultural beliefs, physical environment in the local area had been created by actions of spiritual ancestors and losing them had pervasive risks to their health and wellbeing. Although, colonization affected ASTI, unlike Chinese Australians actively fought against racism and prejudice and various famous activists like Lowe Kong Meng and Loius Ah Mouy highlighted various social and economical issues faced by them (van Holst Pellekaan, 2013). They fought against the policy that restricted migration of non-Europeans to Australia and finally links were strengthened. Despite of the fact Chinese Australians faced socio-economic disadvantage and diverse origin; they are successful in retaining many of their original cultural and social beliefs that had not been weakened in Australia (Ang, 2014). The health issues among ASTI took place post-colonization; however the scenario for the Chinese Australians is quite different. At the time of immigration, Chinese Australians were quite healthy and superior to Aboriginals health due to strict health requirements during migration. However, with time and increased length of stay, health advantage of Chinese Australians aligned with Aboriginals facing racism and discrimination. This predisposed Chinese in Australia to greater ill health with increased rates of chronic conditions and inefficient self-management practices. Discrimination against Chinese Australians is alarming as compared to Aboriginals who are viewed as visible minority and permanently marginalized due to recent trends in politics of Australia (Markus, 2013). Chinese working hours, language is different that increase their frustration and sense of isolation. This contributed to their mental health problems and emotional disturbances affecting their health and wellbeing. According to a report, Chinese Australians face high shocking rates of discrimination as compared to ASTI as much as 90% by uni versity students (Booth, Leigh Varganova, 2012). It is quite reasonable to say that Chinese faced racial discrimination post-immigration indicating mental health issues as top national priority in Australia. There is present experienced disadvantage as a result of past dispossession and dislocation impacting their health in every form. Apart from health, Aboriginals also face worst housing, occupational, lowest educational, economic, legal and social status or any sort of identifiable sections in the Australian society. The effect of colonization was saddening as they were subjected to racism and discrimination, shrunken traditional lands by European empires. Racism tended to neglect the Aboriginals presence or acknowledge their contribution and impact on Australian society and culture (Herring et al., 2013). This had a serious impact on their health increasing the risk of mental health problems, illnesses and subjected to substance abuse. Mental health problems due to discrimination and disruptive behaviour by healthcare professionals towards Aboriginals and TSI make them hospitalized for behavioural and psychological disorders or any self-harming behaviour (Parker Milroy, 2014). Socia l factors like self-esteem, racism and family violence affect their emotional and social wellbeing increasing the risk for behavioural or emotional difficulties. The assimilation of ATSI into the mainstream facilities in the society can help to mitigate racism and marginalization of this cultural group. Chinese Australians face high rates of cardiovascular diseases where unhealthy diet and lack of physical exercise are the biggest risk factors highlighting an important heath issue (Chen et al., 2012). In the current scenario, Chinese Australians lack seeking of services for mental health needs and welfare provision lacks in the scenario and left unvoiced in the mainstream society. Health care policies and service provisions have also contributed to negative health outcomes for ATSI and Chinese Australians differing on few aspects. ATSI faces cultural barriers that contribute to inequality in healthcare services as they are culturally, politically and socially disadvantaged (Durey, Thompson Wood, 2012). In spite of consistent efforts, policy makers and healthcare professionals are unable to bridge the gap in providing the, fair and equitable services to ATSI. These barriers act as longstanding and challenging issue for Australian government that need immediate consideration. Ethnic or racial disparities act as a challenge for healthcare professionals in providing equitable healthcare services to this cultural group due to distinct culture of ATSI. This cultural group experience bullying, intimidation, fear and lack of cultural sensitivity that greatly affect their psychological and physical health being vulnerable to mental health issues (Ferdinand, Paradies Kelaher, 2013). This affects their equity of access and structural injustices acting as barriers resulting in stigma, discrimination and stereotyping experienced by ATSI. On a contrary, Chinese Australians have migrated to Australia and they are not culturally dominant are at greater risk for poor health outcomes. Language and access to healthcare services are some of the major barriers that results in inequality in healthcare (Chalmers et al., 2014). As Chinese Australians are migrants, it is quite obvious that they would face cultural and language barriers limiting their access to healthcare services. There is strong relationship between literacy levels and limited access suggesting need for improved knowledge of accessible materials and healthcare system for migrant community like Chinese Australians. This situation greatly depicts that this community is homogenous in attitudes, values and beliefs representing a range of cultural perspectives and consequences that they face due to undefined cultural views (Artuso et al., 2013). Chinese culture created a backdrop where their identity forges and requires careful healthcare planning and delivery. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 states that ASTI needs to be included into the mainstream Australian society strengthening social inclusion. This results in poor health outcomes as a result of poor health assessments, GP management plans, allied and team care management. There is less vaccination and access to management of chronic diseases for ATSI results in communicable diseases like hepatitis, tuberculosis, AIDS, infestations and skin infections (Aspin et al., 2012). National Health Survey was trying to address their challenges since decades, however due to low availability of ethnic Chinese doctors expertise in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This is the reason that there is scare research regarding utilization of health services by Chinese Australians. They use less public health services and hospitals due to lack of general Chinese practitioners in the healthcare settings preferring Chinese speaking practitioners. There is lack of cultural sensitivity in healthcare services with barriers like low use of prevention services like breast screening and pap smears and insufficient interpreter services. There is also lack of knowledge about role and existence of ethnic health practitioners that is supported by racial discrimination against Chinese Australians. Due to low communication, low mental health literacy, stigma, service constraints and stigma, there is low utilization of healthcare services by ATSI (Guven Islam, 2015). Chinese Australians contributing to their ill health and poor health outcomes. This clearly depicts that due to economic uncertainty, poor political leadership weakening the parts of Racial Discrimination Act. This gives rise to a powerful assertion cutting through legalistic debate in section 18C of the Act that it is highly illegal to intimidate or offend people based on race, national or ethnic origin or colour (Ford, 2013). This is creating a picture in the country that it is quite reasonable to become a racist weakening the Anti-Discrimination Act and damaging the entire legislation. This high unacceptable level of discrimination and inequality have identified young Chinese Australians to seek drugs or alcohol and predispose them to high risk of mental health issues like depression, frustration or stress. The above difference between the two cultural groups depicts that being the original population of Australia, ATSI are marginalized and disadvantaged as compared to non-indigenous population. They face high discrimination and racism in their own country due to cultural insensitivity towards fulfilling their cultural needs. There is discrimination against ATSI post-colonization as they are away from mainstream society services although being the original population of Australia. On a contrary, it is quite obvious that Chinese Australians are immigrants and face challenges in accessing healthcare services due to language barrier and lack of Chinese practitioners. There is lack of ethno-specific services that prevent this particular cultural group from seeking and accessing mental health services and welfare provision fulfilling their needs. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that historical and current events greatly impact health of cultural groups in Australia. Culture and social factors greatly affect health and perceptions about seeking treatment and diagnosis. Racial differences give rise to health disparities in the healthcare system where ATSI and Chinese Australians experience inequalities in healthcare. Due to colonization and stolen lands, ATSI were marginalized and disadvantaged being deprived of mainstream healthcare services. This had a serious impact on their health increasing the risk of mental health problems, illnesses and subjected to substance abuse. Chinese Australians are immigrants who came to Australia during Gold Rush period and face racial discrimination at alarming rates. This had led to the low access of healthcare services by these cultural groups due to language barrier and lack of cultural sensitivity. There is need for ethno-specific services for these cultural groups to promot e social inclusion into mainstream Australian society. References Anderson, H., Kowal, E. (2012). Culture, history, and health in an Australian Aboriginal community: The case of Utopia.Medical anthropology,31(5), 438-457. Ang, I. (2014). Beyond Chinese groupism: Chinese Australians between assimilation, multiculturalism and diaspora.Ethnic and Racial Studies,37(7), 1184-1196. Artuso, S., Cargo, M., Brown, A., Daniel, M. (2013). Factors influencing health care utilisation among Aboriginal cardiac patients in central Australia: a qualitative study.BMC Health Services Research,13(1), 83. Aspin, C., Brown, N., Jowsey, T., Yen, L., Leeder, S. (2012). Strategic approaches to enhanced health service delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic illness: a qualitative study.BMC health services research,12(1), 143. Booth, A. L., Leigh, A., Varganova, E. (2012). Does ethnic discrimination vary across minority groups? Evidence from a field experiment.Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,74(4), 547-573. Chalmers, K. J., Bond, K. S., Jorm, A. F., Kelly, C. M., Kitchener, B. A., Williams-Tchen, A. J. (2014). Providing culturally appropriate mental health first aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent: development of expert consensus guidelines.International journal of mental health systems,8(1), 6. Chen, K. J., Hui, K. K., Lee, M. S., Xu, H. (2012). The potential benefit of complementary/alternative medicine in cardiovascular diseases.Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2012. Durey, A., Thompson, S. C., Wood, M. (2012). Time to bring down the twin towers in poor Aboriginal hospital care: addressing institutional racism and misunderstandings in communication.Internal medicine journal,42(1), 17-22. Ferdinand, A., Paradies, Y., Kelaher, M. (2013).Mental health impacts of racial discrimination in Victorian Aboriginal communities. Lowitja Institute. Ford, M. (2013). Achievement gaps in Australia: What NAPLAN reveals about education inequality in Australia.Race Ethnicity and Education,16(1), 80-102. Garling, S., Hunt, J., Smith, D., Sanders, W. (2013).Contested governance: culture, power and institutions in Indigenous Australia(p. 351). ANU Press. Greenwood, M. L., de Leeuw, S. N. (2012). Social determinants of health and the future well-being of Aboriginal children in Canada.Paediatrics child health,17(7), 381-384. Guven, C., Islam, A. (2015). Age at migration, language proficiency, and socioeconomic outcomes: evidence from Australia.Demography,52(2), 513-542. Haskins, V. K., Lowrie, C. (Eds.). (2014).Colonization and Domestic Service: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives(Vol. 14). Routledge. Herring, S., Spangaro, J., Lauw, M., McNamara, L. (2013). The intersection of trauma, racism, and cultural competence in effective work with aboriginal people: Waiting for trust.Australian Social Work,66(1), 104-117. Land, C. (2015).Decolonizing solidarity: Dilemmas and directions for supporters of indigenous struggles. Zed Books Ltd.. Markus, A. (2013). Australian governments and the concept of race: an historical perspective.Sydney Studies in Society and Culture,4. Pang, B., Alfrey, L., Varea, V. (2016). Young Chinese Australians' subjectivities of healthand (un) healthy bodies.Sport, Education and Society,21(7), 1091-1108. Parker, R., Milroy, H. (2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health: an overview.Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice,2, 25-38. Spector, R. E. (2012).Cultural diversity in health and illness. Pearson Higher Ed. Tousignant, M., Sioui, N. (2013). Resilience and Aboriginal communities in crisis: Theory and interventions.International Journal of Indigenous Health,5(1), 43-61. Tuck, E., Yang, K. W. (2012). Decolonization is not a metaphor.Decolonization: Indigeneity, education society,1(1). van Holst Pellekaan, S. (2013). Genetic evidence for the colonization of Australia.Quaternary International,285, 44-56.

Ophelia The Mouse Essays - Characters In Hamlet,

Ophelia The Mouse Rob Strieker 10/25/99 Eng 111 Dr. Floyd Collins Ophelia the Mouse Playing with someones feelings is a very serious matter. Ophelia is innocent of any wrongdoing, and in return she is used as a tool so people can get what they want. Her father and Hamlet used her as a tool, which led her to madness and her loving brother was not there to save her. Ophelia was a good woman who was treated as a child and had no independence. Laertes(Ophelias brother) loves her with all of his heart. He is always worried with her well being and whatever choices she may decide on. He tells Ophelia to be cautious of Hamlets love and words to her. Laertes tells her that Hamlet seeks not her but what she can offer. Laertes also points out that Hamlet is evil and that she should fear him instead of loving him. Laertes and Ophelia had a special bond between them and he never used her for his self-gain. He showed a lot of compassion towards her but where was he at the time of her death? Laertes should have taken care of Ophelia when she went crazy: he should not of let her run off knowing how ill she was. If Laertes was so concerned with her well being when she was in love with Hamlet then why didnt Laertes show concern with her life and protect her during her weak point of her life? I do believe that Laertes truly loved Ophelia and would do anything for her but at the time of her madness he was too concerned with the death of h is father to pay attention to Ophelia. Polonius acts toward Ophelia with dispise and disgust. Polonius uses her as a tool to become closer and get on Claudius good side. Polonius cares nothing for Ophelia: she is considered as a pawn in a chess game only to protect the king, Polonius. He treats her like a child that knows nothing and can do nothing. He also tells her that Hamlet wants only her chastity and all of his love letters mean nothing. Polonius tells her to stay away from Hamlet only to drive him crazy for her: Polonius also tells Ophelia that she should not give into Hamlet, she should not negotiate with him but only demand a greater price for her love. Polonius is already using Ophelia as a tool to get what he wants which is power and also be a step closer to the king: Polonius wants his bloodline to be royal. Ophelia is confused now and defends Hamlet in front of her father, for which she is called a fool and told that she knows nothing. Polonius is always cold toward Ophelia: for example, when she is confused about what she should think about Hamlet her father says, Marry, I will teach you. Polonius did not care how Ophelia felt and he always hurt her feelings. Polonius embarrassed her many times, for example when he read Hamlets love letters to Ophelia out loud to the King and Queen. I dont think Polonius ever really cared for Ophelia and saw her not as a daughter but as a mere tool for gaining what he wanted. Hamlet also used Ophelia as a tool but unlike Polonius and like Laertes he loved her. Hamlet would write love letters expressing how he felt and what she reminded him of. Hamlet loved her very much but his love for her, during the time he was finding out who killed his father, diminished quickly. When Polonius and the King plotted to test Hamlets love for Ophelia, Hamlet caught on to the treachery which Ophelia was involved in and Hamlet went off on her, telling that he never loved her and that all women were deceitful. Hamlet also used her as a tool to his own benefit when he was provoking the king and queen by making fun of how long his father was dead, a mere two hours, which Ophelia corrected when she said two months. Hamlet confused Ophelia by telling that he never loved her and then coming back during the play acting like everything was just perfect. This gave Ophelia mixed emotions;

Free Essays on Bipolar

The history of bipolar disorder itself is over 2000 years old. "Bipolar Illness, or manic depressive disorder, is an ancient disease with descriptions appearing in the biblical Old Testament and in writings from ancient Greece"(El-Mallakh 775). In the last few years, doctors find the probable cause of bipolar disorder is an inherited lack of stability in nerve impulse transmission in the brain. This biochemical brain problem causes people with bipolar disorder to be more susceptible to physical and emotional stresses. Researchers have found several genes that could be linked to the disorder. This may explain why bipolar disorder seems to run in families. Bipolar itself means "two poles" as it is characterized by mood swings. The manic episode begins with increased energy, creativity, and social ease that can easily go into uncontrollable anger, agitation, and feelings of being irritable. The other side of the pole, depression, is a lack of energy, feeling sad, worthlessness, and thoughts of suicide. These mood swings are totally unrelated to things going on in the person's life. Bipolar disorder affects close to 1% of the population of the United States. "As many as one-fifth of the 3 million people in the United States who develop bipolar disorder eventually find the emotional ride intolerable and kill themselves"(Bower 232). "Suicide is, in fact, the second major cause of death worldwide in women between the ages of 15 and 44. Almost all of these suicides are connected to mental illness, and most mental illnesses are treatable"(Jamison 80). People with bipolar disorder experience depressive episodes consisting of sadness, low energy, worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts alternating with manic episodes of euphoria, inflated self-esteem, and high energy levels. This disorder with its mood swings can permanently disable people, and without treatment, one out of five commit suicide. Many people with bipolar disorder are very intelligen... Free Essays on Bipolar Free Essays on Bipolar Bipolar disorder is perhaps one of the most tragic mood disorders, because it virtually taunts with the affected person’s mind. Bipolar disorder, which is also known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mental condition in which the person alternates between feelings of mania and depression. The occurrence of bipolar disorder has been a mystery since the sixteenth century. History has show that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have suffered from the disease. It is clear that in our society many people live with this disorder, however, we are still waiting for a definite explanation for the causes and a cure. One thing is certain about bipolar disorder; it severely undermines its victim’s ability to maintain social and occupational success in life. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is crucial that we remain watchful in the search for answers about its causes and treatments available. Bipolar disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It occurs in both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, and concentrations and driving. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Bipolar disorder is characterized by a great deal of symptoms that can be broken down into two categories: manic and depressive episodes. The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, a decrease in a need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless and irresp... Free Essays on Bipolar By: Anonymous Childhood-Onset Bipolar Disorder Childhood Onset Bipolar Disorder (COBPD) is one of the most debilitating mental disorders affecting children today. Bipolar Disorder is a mood disorder usually affecting adults that causes sometimes severe changes in mood. Childhood Onset Bipolar disorder is just what it sounds like, a bipolar disorder that occurs during childhood. Persons suffering from a bipolar disorder experience mood swings ranging from depression to mania. During a depressive episode patients can experience feelings of extreme hopelessness or sadness, inability to concentrate and trouble sleeping. Symptoms of mania include rapidly changing ideas, exaggerated cheerfulness and excessive physical activity. Hypomanic symptoms are the same as in mania, however, they are not so severe as to require hospitalization. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) outlines the diagnostic criteria for mood disorders. According to the DSM-IV, a per son must have at least 5 of the following symptoms during the same 2 week period to qualify as a major depressive episode: a depressed mood lasting most of the day for several days; a significant weight gain or weight loss; a loss of interest in activities; difficulty sleeping (insomnia) or an increased need for sleep (hypersomnia); restlessness or slowed pace observable by others; daily fatigue; feelings of guilt or worthlessness; inability to concentrate; or recurrent thoughts of death. These symptoms can only be diagnosed as a depressed episode if they are not better explained by grief, effects of a drug, or a medical condition. The person experiencing these symptoms must, also report an interference in their daily functioning because of the symptoms. Finally, the person’s symptoms do not meet the criteria for a mixed state. The criteria for a mixed episode state that the person must display symptoms of depression and mania every day... Free Essays on Bipolar bipolar disorder Determining Bipolar Disorder in children is harder then adults because of the mistakes doctor’s make in their diagnosis. All kids have mood swings- is it Bipolar Disorder? Psychologists of today are having problems diagnosing children with Bipolar Disorder because the symptoms are so different from the adult form of the disorder. In children Bipolar Disorder is called â€Å"Child Onset Bipolar Disorder†, known as COBPD (My Child 1). In children the cycling from highs to lows are very fast. Children will cycle between mania and depression many times a day. The episodes of mania or depression are short and rarely go on for more then a day at a time (Childhood 1). Children have longer periods of normal behavior between episodes then adults (Bipolar I Disorder 1). This rapid cycling is called â€Å"ultra-ultra rapid cycling† (My Child 1). â€Å"Ultra-ultra rapid cycling† is mostly associated with the low states in the morning, and then followed by the afternoo n and evening with a high increase in energy (Frequently Asked Questions 1). Children usually have continuous mood changes that are mixes of mania and depression (Sutphen 1). In adult Bipolar Disorder, it is called â€Å"Bipolar Affective Disorder†, known as manic depressive illness (My Child 1). For adults the change from manic to depressed can take months. They often have periods of normal behavior in between their episodes of mania and depression (Bipolar 1). Bipolar Disorder is a biochemical imbalance that causes major mood changes from the highs of mania, to the very lows of depression (My Child 1). Doctors say â€Å"What goes up must come down† with the highs and lows of this disorder, but the cycles are very unpredictable and vary in Determining Bipolar Disorder in children is harder then adults because of the mistakes doctor’s make in their diagnosis. length. The times of depression and mania stages are not equal in time (Basic Terminology 1). In childre n o... Free Essays on Bipolar The history of bipolar disorder itself is over 2000 years old. "Bipolar Illness, or manic depressive disorder, is an ancient disease with descriptions appearing in the biblical Old Testament and in writings from ancient Greece"(El-Mallakh 775). In the last few years, doctors find the probable cause of bipolar disorder is an inherited lack of stability in nerve impulse transmission in the brain. This biochemical brain problem causes people with bipolar disorder to be more susceptible to physical and emotional stresses. Researchers have found several genes that could be linked to the disorder. This may explain why bipolar disorder seems to run in families. Bipolar itself means "two poles" as it is characterized by mood swings. The manic episode begins with increased energy, creativity, and social ease that can easily go into uncontrollable anger, agitation, and feelings of being irritable. The other side of the pole, depression, is a lack of energy, feeling sad, worthlessness, and thoughts of suicide. These mood swings are totally unrelated to things going on in the person's life. Bipolar disorder affects close to 1% of the population of the United States. "As many as one-fifth of the 3 million people in the United States who develop bipolar disorder eventually find the emotional ride intolerable and kill themselves"(Bower 232). "Suicide is, in fact, the second major cause of death worldwide in women between the ages of 15 and 44. Almost all of these suicides are connected to mental illness, and most mental illnesses are treatable"(Jamison 80). People with bipolar disorder experience depressive episodes consisting of sadness, low energy, worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts alternating with manic episodes of euphoria, inflated self-esteem, and high energy levels. This disorder with its mood swings can permanently disable people, and without treatment, one out of five commit suicide. Many people with bipolar disorder are very intelligen...

Comparison Essay on High School and College

Comparison Essay on High School and College Comparison Essay on High School and College Some people may mistake college as a simple step above high school, but an examination of the two levels of study reveals that there are indeed numerous differences between the two. One of the differences is in the nature of classes in college and in high school. In high school classes, assignments and learning materials that are to be used to complete the assignments are provided for the students. High schools also normally have guidance counselors to help students determine what advanced core and elective courses they may be interested in taking, especially as it pertains to preparing for a college or a vocation. In college, the situation is very different because it is the students who are charged with the responsibility to decide the kinds of classes that they should take until they graduate. If a student has challenges in selecting a unit, the student may make an appointment with a course advisor. However, colleges do have counseling and guidance offices to help students look at what they might be interested in as a career and to help them plan accordingly. Even so, college students are rarely given the materials that they need for their study and therefore , unlike high school, must purchase the necessary texts and other learning material. Another difference is that, compared to college professors, high school teachers tend to be more accommodating towards their students. For instance, high school teachers tend to be more interested in knowing the name of each and every student in their class while college professors rarely relate names to the faces of their students. Also, high school teachers are more likely to closely monitor the grades of their students, ensure that all the students access the required notes, find out why a student may have missed a class, and even remind the students of assignments and future examinations. High school teachers are also more likely to accept a late submission of assignments or even call a student’s parents to inquire about a student who may have missed class. On the other hand, college professors rarely pay attention to the attendance habits of their students and do not make any effort to ensure that all their students pass or score good grades in their subjects. If a studen t misses a class, a college professor is unlikely to follow up and give the student the notes he missed. Instead, it will be up to the student to figure out from whom to get the notes that he missed when he did not attend class. Finally, it is not uncommon to meet a college professor even after graduating from college and not be recognized by that professor, unlike the case of high school teachers who remember some students long after graduation. In high school, it is very easy to get one-on-one time with a teacher because all that one has to do is to schedule a time before or after school. In college, one has to book an appointment in order to have a one-on-one time with a professor, and it is not always a guarantee that after booking the appointment, the professor will keep the appointment. You can buy a comparison essay online at essay writing service. You will get a superior-quality custom compare and contrast paper written from scratch!

AL 3 CRJ 520II Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AL 3 CRJ 520II Response - Essay Example Current research suggests drug court programs and juvenile programs, which include therapeutic, educational, and family components, appear to be effective in recidivism reduction (Drake & Miller, 2009). According to research, cognitive-behavioral programs often lead to positive outcomes. These positive outcomes are expected to result in a 6.9% recidivism reduction (Drake & Miller, 2009). With regards to high risk offenders, Lipsey and Landenberger (2005) found smaller sample size, attendance monitoring, intervention adherence, and mental health professionals characterized the research and demonstration programs. Positive outcomes were reported. Researchers further suggest positive outcomes are depended upon the quality of the cognitive-behavioral program provided. Perhaps implementing adult treatment programs that resemble juvenile treatment programs will prove to be effective. First, I would receive feedback from citizens in my home state in order to get a general consensus. I would hold a town hall/community meeting in large/key jurisdictions. I would invite key players to speak including county jail and state prison officials, individuals who specialize in offender treatment programs, probation officers, correctional officers, a budget analyst, and a few rehabilitated inmates who have benefited from treatment during and after confinement. In addition, I would also invite family members of inmates to speak regarding the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Of course this seems a bit over board, but we are discussing an issue that affects everyone in the state. My speech: We are all aware that crime rates fluctuate. Some research and statistical data contend crime rates have dropped. Yet some research and statistical data contend crime rates have increased. In addition, throughout this country including this state, we have witnessed an increase in incarceration rates, without any plausible

Weaning And Nursering Protocol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weaning And Nursering Protocol - Essay Example Semi-moist and liquid feeds, however, are not recommended in the early stages of weaning because they reduce water quality and make it cloudy. In addition, care must be taken to provide only the right amounts of food since underfeeding causes cannibalism, stress and diseases while over-feeding results in left over accumulations, cloudiness, water quality issues, disease outbreaks and stress. Therefore, the amount of food given is dependent on the stage of development, temperature of water, volume of tank, species and flow rate. Since different species feed differently, one has to use their own observations while feeding to decide what amounts the larvae require. Aeration helps keep the food conveniently suspended in the water (Benetti, 2014). Average to extensive aeration and the use of flow through water systems are useful when supplying artificial feeds/ diets. Live feeds and dry feeds (pellets) must be evenly spread out in the tank. Upon completion of weaning, fingerlings are given dry (pellet) and semi-moist foods, as per the recommendations of the manufacturer. In the closing stages of weaning, that is, in the nursery, high quality animal protein (50% proteins, at least) pellets/ dry scrambles are advisable, yet variable with the species. Juveniles and fingerlings in the nursery level are given high protein foods several times daily till they are full. The average size of the scrambles or pellets to feed to the juveniles and fingerlings in the nursery are 0.4mm, 0.8mm, 1.2mm, 1.4mm and 1.8mm. this is the recommended range of sizes, and for the best pick, keen fingerling and juvenile observation is prudent. As the fingerlings mature into juveniles and consequently adults, the frequency of feeding is gradually reduced . Generally, high quality feeds safeguard water quality and provides the nutrient requirements for all fish species. After weaning, fingerlings are graded according to size and shifted to the nursery tanks with constant

Sherlock Cannot be Taken Seriously in Brazil Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Cannot be Taken Seriously in Brazil Essay Amelia Simpson’s introduction to Detective Fiction from Latin America argues that Latin American culture, including its citizens’ pervasive distrust of law and authority, has inhibited its authors from creating a large body of original detective novels. Though these detective works are quite popular with Latinos, the novels must usually be set in countries with strong democratic values and justice systems for them to seem authentic. The people of Brazil, Cuba and other autocratic countries, where authority is feared from birth and laws and police are harsh tools of oppression, are skeptical of fair, justice-minded detectives thwarting criminals. If a detective novel follows the traditional, rigid, classical form, it will seem unrealistic to Latinos. The more contemporary â€Å"hard-boiled† detective novel, with its harsher portrayal of societies that are deeply flawed and teeming with injustice and evil, is a much better fit into the world view of Latin Americans. Within these increasingly popular works, imperfect societies and behaviors can be revealed, examined and utilized within the detective novel template. The classical detective genre, with its â€Å"reassuring view of society,† its â€Å"detached, gentlemanly† sleuths, and its clear, fair delineation between good and evil begs skepticism from Latin American readers who find those concepts foreign and unrealistic. These oppressed citizens of â€Å"predatory hegemonies† can only accept the democratic precepts of law and order and justice when the classical detective work is set in a plausible setting like America. These relatively simple, predictable, rigid â€Å"whodunits† have been read and enjoyed by Latino masses, but ironically, Latino authors have not reflexively rushed to quench the market for more classical detective novels. The evolution of the classical version to the â€Å"hard-boiled† detective novel that often â€Å"reveals a corrupt and violent society,† is more logically embraced by Latin American mystery readers. The â€Å"hard-boiled† model incorporates â€Å"distrust of institutions and its view of crime as all-pervasive. † If viewed as a continuum, the classical version is simple and predictable while the hard-boiled is chaotic and more difficult to predict. The classical version uses traditional, stable values of fair justice, while the â€Å"hard-boiled† relies on environments filled with turmoil and corruption. The classical genre is rigid, and it’s accepted that â€Å"laws are laws. † Therefore, boundaries are abundant, and good is expected to prevail over evil. Conversely, the â€Å"hard-boiled† version removes most societal boundaries and its setting is likely to be â€Å"a model of skepticism and failure, of a lost utopia. † This harsh worldview melds more realistically into the somewhat bleak, dictatorial environment that many Latinos encounter from birth. Thus, Latinos are predisposed to accept the more contemporary, â€Å"hard-boiled,† detective novel. Feelings and portrayals of optimism versus pessimism also set the classical detective genre apart from the â€Å"hard-boiled† type. America, with its history of freedom and stability and its strong sense of law and order, provides a stable, hopeful environment for the gentlemanly detective. He is free to ply his trade, systematically and fairly plodding to a just resolution of the crime. A predictable, step-by step, picture can be portrayed with a â€Å"mechanistic crime-to-solution sequence. † On the other hand, Latin Americans are better able to grasp the â€Å"hard-boiled† genre where chaos, evil, oppression and injustice thrive. For many Latinos, â€Å"the law is feared and, whenever possible, violated. † They live in a police state and they â€Å"breathe and sweat repression. † This way of life, with fear and suspicion as mainstays, allows â€Å"hard-boiled† detective authors to insert hazier motives for oppressed perpetrators who may become criminals out of necessity. The dark, pessimistic â€Å"triumph of the criminal over society’s laws† can seem natural in a hard-boiled work, but would certainly not fit in the classical detective novel template that relies on optimism, justice and sure punishment for the criminal who is pursued and captured by the persistent, reasonable sleuth. The advent of the â€Å"hard-boiled† detective novel seems to open the field for Latin American authors to give their countrymen the mysteries that they enjoy and desire. This change has not come quickly. As recently as 1983 the Brazilian author, Correa, observed that â€Å"Brazilian detective literature†¦with its own, national characteristics, doesn’t exist. † In the same vein, it took more than half a century for the 1929 â€Å"hard-boiled† novel, The Maltese Falcon, to become the best-selling detective novel of 1984 in Brazil. The conservative, rigid classic has finally given way to the contemporary detective novels with their critical societal views that play realistically and believably in Latin America. Sherlock Holmes, while somewhat entertaining and quite competent, is a relic who cannot fit into the world view of Latin Americans. This classical detective has his limitations and his setting must have boundaries of law and order and benevolent justice. But Latinos can readily embrace and believe flawed, even malevolent sleuths who track criminals in settings where lawlessness and evil are the norm. Thus, Latin American authors have much more latitude and potential for success with their native audiences when they compose â€Å"hard-boiled† detective novels. This multi-faceted, contemporary detective genre allows societal flaws to be acknowledged and exploited for the entertainment and intrigue of Latin American readers.

Survive :: essays research papers

Key Word "SURVIVAL" The key word "SURVIVAL" is an acronym to be used as an "immediate action drill" to be performed at the outset of a wilderness survival situation. Use this simple phrase to plan measures that will assist you in surviving in the wilderness and returning to civilization. The Key Word "SURVIVAL" will provide you with two of the most important survival skills--the ability to organize yourself and the ability to stay calm. A. "S" stands for "Size up the situation." (1) Consider your physical condition and perform any first aid required. (2) Concentrate your senses on getting a feel for the area. (3) Conduct an inventory of the equipment you have. (4) Begin planning. B. "U" stands for "Undue haste makes waste." (1) Reacting without thinking or planning can result in faulty decisions and could result in your death. (2) Acting in haste, just for the sake of action, will make you careless. The natural tendency in a stressful situation is to run. You must overcome this tendency and think of your objectives. (3) If you act in haste, you may lose or forget equipment, you may not make a survival plan, and you may become disoriented and not know your location. As a cultural group. Americans have little patience. Know this weakness if it is your own particular Achilles' heel. C. "R" stands for "Remember where you are." (1) Always knowing where you are on the map and how it relates to the surrounding terrain is a principle no outdoorsman should violate. (2) If in a group, always know the location of the maps and compasses. (3) Guard against the natural tendency of allowing someone else to be responsible for navigation. Always be aware of your route, regardless of the mode of travel. (4) Whether you are in a base camp or on the move, you should always know the following things: (a) Direction or location of the nearest populated area. (b) Direction or location to the nearest major transportation artery (river, highway, railroad track, etc.) (c) Location of local water sources. D. "V" stands for "Vanquish fear and panic." (1) Fear and panic are two of the greatest enemies in a survival situation. These are not unusual emotions. The secret is to recognize them and control them. (2) Fear, panic, and anxiety take their toll on the body. They divert needed energy. (3) Many people have never been alone and without diversion. This could subject them to anxiety. (4) The best way to control fear in a survival situation is preparation, Survive :: essays research papers Key Word "SURVIVAL" The key word "SURVIVAL" is an acronym to be used as an "immediate action drill" to be performed at the outset of a wilderness survival situation. Use this simple phrase to plan measures that will assist you in surviving in the wilderness and returning to civilization. The Key Word "SURVIVAL" will provide you with two of the most important survival skills--the ability to organize yourself and the ability to stay calm. A. "S" stands for "Size up the situation." (1) Consider your physical condition and perform any first aid required. (2) Concentrate your senses on getting a feel for the area. (3) Conduct an inventory of the equipment you have. (4) Begin planning. B. "U" stands for "Undue haste makes waste." (1) Reacting without thinking or planning can result in faulty decisions and could result in your death. (2) Acting in haste, just for the sake of action, will make you careless. The natural tendency in a stressful situation is to run. You must overcome this tendency and think of your objectives. (3) If you act in haste, you may lose or forget equipment, you may not make a survival plan, and you may become disoriented and not know your location. As a cultural group. Americans have little patience. Know this weakness if it is your own particular Achilles' heel. C. "R" stands for "Remember where you are." (1) Always knowing where you are on the map and how it relates to the surrounding terrain is a principle no outdoorsman should violate. (2) If in a group, always know the location of the maps and compasses. (3) Guard against the natural tendency of allowing someone else to be responsible for navigation. Always be aware of your route, regardless of the mode of travel. (4) Whether you are in a base camp or on the move, you should always know the following things: (a) Direction or location of the nearest populated area. (b) Direction or location to the nearest major transportation artery (river, highway, railroad track, etc.) (c) Location of local water sources. D. "V" stands for "Vanquish fear and panic." (1) Fear and panic are two of the greatest enemies in a survival situation. These are not unusual emotions. The secret is to recognize them and control them. (2) Fear, panic, and anxiety take their toll on the body. They divert needed energy. (3) Many people have never been alone and without diversion. This could subject them to anxiety. (4) The best way to control fear in a survival situation is preparation,

Name Your Price Essay

Name Your Price: Compensation Negotiation Whole Health Management Group 6 Abhisek Jha 10PGHR04 Annesha Pramanik 10PGHR08 Kunal Dayani 10PGHR21 Priyanka Gupta 10PGHR30 Ria Ghosh 10PGHR42 Tanu Mehta 10PGHR51 Base Salary Status: $100000 per year paid semi monthly †¢ Reason: Since Whole Health Management is a mid cap company and it wishes to pay competitive package at HBS , we have chosen median base salary of health sector from exhibit 6. †¢ Also, since the CEO, Jim Hummer is willing mentor and provide a lot of challenging opportunities to Munroe, which he might not get anywhere else so he would be ready to compromise with the monetary benefits and not choose 75% base salary Stock options Stock options: Options to purchase 10000 shares at $2.7 per share according to vesting schedule †¢ Reason: It is the standard equity plan for incoming executives †¢ Also since, Jim mentioned in exhibit 2, that the company might grow 3 folds by year end 2006, Munroe would want to invest in the firm’s equity †¢ And Jim also mentioned that the organic growth strategy may generate many opportunities for Munroe, being in a leadership role he would like to have more stake in the company Bonus Bonus: Up to $30000 based on agreed upon goals †¢ Reason- Since the median total additional compensation given in exhibit 6 is 30% of the median base salary The agreed upon goals would ascribe to 3 roles specified: †¢ Manage client relationships and contracts †¢ Goals: a) Repeat business from existing clients of the three contracts given to Munroe †¢ b) Customer satisfaction Index > 90% †¢ Grow existing client contracts †¢ Goals: a) Increase revenue ( existing-$10M to $12M) from the contract that he is managing by 15% †¢ Develop new client business †¢ Goals: a) Expand the client base and get 2 more contracts with combined worth of atleast $4M NOTE: The bonus of $30000 is proportionally divided on all goals with each role carrying equal weightage Relocation Allowance Relocation Allowance: $10000 to relocate to Cleveland; additional allowance to be determined for any future relocations †¢ Reason: From internet cost of living comparison calculators we found that even with a 30% decrease in Munroe’s salary, he could maintain his standard of living in Cleveland as it is a less expensive city as compared to Boston. †¢ Thus we have allocated a nominal amount of $10000 towards movers and packers charges Source for cost of living comparison: http://www.bankrate.com/calculators/savings/moving-costof-living-calculator.aspx Continuing Education Stipend and Dues & Licensures Continuing Education Stipend: 70% of tuition fee for further education, if approved Dues and Licensures: Sponsor(100%) the certifications and other dues and licensures in future THANK YOU

Figures of Speech in the Waste Land

Some figures of speech in the wasteland Figures of speech comprise two main categories. One category twists the meaning of words to wrest a new non-literal meaning from words that, when phrased together, have a very different literal meaning, as in the idiomatic figure of speech, â€Å"He died from laughter. † Literally, this means a man met his demise due to laughter. Figuratively (i. e. , non-literally), this means he laughed with vigor for a long time. Figures of speech that twist meaning are classified as  tropes.The other category enhances meaning by arranging and rearranging words and word order to dramatize, emphasize or more elegantly express the point at hand. For example, an analogy may be more dramatically made by using a  chiasmus  that inverts parallelism in a typical abba component arrangement. For example, consider the inverted parallelism of this: The day [a] but shines [b], but glows [b] the night [a]. Figures of speech that enhance through words, sounds , letters, word order and syntax are classified as word schemes, or justschemes.It is clear from this brief explanation of figures of speech that  The Wasteland, with a figure of speech as its very title, will be replete with figures of speech of both kinds,  tropes and schemes. In this format, I can identify a few prominent ones, the first being the title. The Wasteland  is the overarching figure of speech (trope/metaphor) that shapes this entire poetic treatise on the state of the world in Eliot's day. The title of Part I, â€Å"The Burial of the Dead,† is itself a significant figure of speech, also a metaphor, that establishes the central idea of the work.For Eliot, following World War I (1914-1918), Earth itself was ravaged, torn and dead, â€Å"Lilacs out of the dead land †¦. † This figure of speech signifies that death resulting from WWI encompasses the dead who died in battle and the dead who still breath though dead inside from horror and from the lo ss of dead Earth: A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, 62 I had not thought death had undone so many. â€Å"Son of man† is another important figure of speech, an allusion and metaphor, as this is to whom portions of Part I are addressed: Son of man, 20You cannot say, or guess, for you know only A heap of broken images, Another important figure of speech (trope/analogy and symbol) found in Part III, â€Å"The Fire Sermon,† is Tiresias, the blind old man who sees â€Å"At the violet hour†: I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives, †¦ can see At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 220 Homeward, †¦ This figure of speech is important because it represents Eliot's point and belief that the living dead cannot see, can no longer perceive, what is around them, what is true.This is also an allusion to the Biblical precept that those who see are blind, that is, cannot see spiritual truth. Figures of speech of the  scheme  kind a re also present, though seemingly less prominent and used for elegance and compression rather than for significance. An example is found in Part III: â€Å"the young man carbuncular. † Here the word order is changed so that the adjective modifier â€Å"carbuncular† follows the head noun (â€Å"man†) of the noun phrase. Standard word order would be â€Å"the carbuncular young man. † This sort of rearrangement of word order, with the adjective coming after the noun, is called an  anastrophe

Rain essays

Rain essays Weather-The Most Important Element: RAIN As we all know, the three essentials for survival are water, food, and air. The most important element of weather is water. We get water in different forms of precipitation. Rain is the most beneficial of all types of precipitation. Rain is what harvests our crops that give us food to eat. Without rain, no crops would grow and we would parish off the face of this Earth. Also, keeping our air clean is essential because we need air to breathe. Since water, food, and air are so important for our survival as human beings, I decided to do my report on factors of rain. The Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and countless other river, lakes, and streams make up the water cover of the United States. What few people realize, though, is that a lot of our water is stored beneath the ground. The water is held naturally in cavities called aquifers. In urban areas, water supplies are stored in holding areas called reservoirs. Everyday, Americans are using water that comes from all of these sources. As many people are familiar with the water cycle, they fail to realize how important it really is. The water in Earths atmosphere condenses in the sky around small particles of dust. This procedure that is referred to as condensation is the process whereby water vapor changes to the liquid state. Then, rain falls from the clouds to the ground and makes its way into rivers, lakes, and aquifers. Eventually, almost all of the water evaporates back into the atmosphere from the sun. The demand for water is very high throughout the United States, especially where natural water resources are limited. Farmers use 140 billion gallons each day to grow crop and raise livestock. Industry needs 30 billion gallon for jobs that involve cooling machines and carrying waste. Individuals use up another 40 billion gallons in recreation and day-to-day tasks. People can easily...

Bottle Gourd Domestication and History

Bottle Gourd Domestication and History The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) has had a complex domestication history written for it over the past twenty years. However, recent DNA research suggests that it was domesticated three times: in Asia, at least 10,000 years ago; in Central America, about 10,000 years ago; and in Africa, about 4,000 years ago. In addition, the bottle gourds dispersal throughout Polynesia is a key part of evidence supporting the possible Polynesian discovery of the New World, circa 1000 AD. The bottle gourd is a diploid, monoecious plant of the Cucurbitacea. The plant has thick vines with large white flowers that open only at night. The fruit comes in a large variety of shapes, selected for by their human users. The bottle gourd is primarily grown for its fruit, which when dried forms a woody hollow vessel that is suitable for containing water and food, for fishing floats, for musical instruments and for clothing, among other things. In fact, the fruit itself floats, and bottle gourds with still-viable seeds have been discovered after floating in seawater for more than seven months. Domestication History The bottle gourd is native to Africa: wild populations of the plant have recently been discovered in Zimbabwe. Two subspecies, likely representing two separate domestication events, have been identified: Lagenaria siceraria spp. siceraria (in Africa, domesticated some 4,000 years ago) and L. s. spp. asiatica (Asia, domesticated at least 10,000 years ago0. The likelihood of a third domestication event, in Central America about 10,000 years ago, has been implied from genetic analysis of American bottle gourds (Kistler et al.), Domesticated bottle gourds have been recovered in the Americas at sites such as Guila Naquitz in Mexico by ~10,000 years ago. Bottle Gourd Dispersals The earliest dispersal of the bottle gourd into the Americas was long believed by scholars to have occurred from the floating of domesticated fruits across the Atlantic. In 2005, researchers David Erickson and colleagues (among others) argued that bottle gourds, like dogs, had been brought into the Americas with the arrival of Paleoindian hunter-gatherers, at least 10,000 years ago. If true, then the Asian form of the bottle gourd was domesticated at least a couple of thousand years before that. Evidence of that has not been discovered, although domestic bottle gourds from several Jomon period sites on Japan have early dates. In 2014, researchers Kistler et al. disputed that theory, in part because it would have required the tropical and subtropical bottle gourd to have been planted at the crossing place into the Americas in the Bering Land Bridge region, an area far too cold to support that; and evidence for its presence in the likely entryway into the Americas has yet to be found. Instead, Kistlers team looked at DNA from samples in several locales in the Americas between 8,000 BC and 1925 AD (included Guila Naquitz and Quebrada Jaguay) and concluded that Africa is the clear source region of the bottle gourd in the Americas. Kistler et al. suggest that the African bottle gourds were domesticated in the American Neotropics, derived from seeds out of gourds which had drifted across the Atlantic. Later dispersals throughout eastern Polynesia, Hawaii, New Zealand and the western South American coastal region may have been driven by Polynesian seafaring. New Zealand bottle gourds exhibit features of both subspecies. The Kistler study identified the Polynesia bottle gourds as L. siceria ssp. asiatica, more closely related to Asian examples, but the puzzle was not addressed in that study. Important Bottle Gourd Sites AMS radiocarbon dates on bottle gourd rinds are reported after the site name unless otherwise noted. Note: dates in the literature are recorded as they appear, but are listed in roughly chronological order from oldest to youngest. Spirit Cave (Thailand), 10000-6000 BC (seeds)Azazu (Japan), 9000-8500 BC (seeds)Little Salt Spring (Florida, US), 8241-7832 cal BCGuila Naquitz (Mexico) 10,000-9000 BP 7043-6679 cal BCTorihama (Japan), 8000-6000 cal BP (a rind may be dated ~15,000 bp)Awatsu-kotei (Japan), associated date 9600 BPQuebrada Jaguay (Peru), 6594-6431 cal BCWindover Bog (Florida, US) 8100 BPCoxcatlan Cave (Mexico) 7200 BP (5248-5200 cal BC)Paloma (Peru) 6500 BPTorihama (Japan), associated date 6000 BPShimo-yakebe (Japan), 5300 cal BPSannai Maruyama (Japan), associated date 2500 BCTe Niu (Easter Island), pollen, AD 1450 Â   Sources Thanks to Hiroo Nasu of the Japanese Association of Historical Botany for the latest information about Jomon sites in Japan. This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Plant Domestication and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Clarke AC, Burtenshaw MK, McLenachan PA, Erickson DL, and Penny D. 2006. Reconstructing the Origins and Dispersal of the Polynesian Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria). Molecular Biology and Evolution 23(5):893-900. Duncan NA, Pearsall DM, and Benfer J, Robert A. 2009. Gourd and squash artifacts yield starch grains of feasting foods from preceramic Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(32):13202-13206. Erickson DL, Smith BD, Clarke AC, Sandweiss DH, and Tuross N. 2005. An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(51):18315–18320. Fuller DQ, Hosoya LA, Zheng Y, and Qin L. 2010. A Contribution to the Prehistory of Domesticated Bottle Gourds in Asia: Rind Measurements from Jomon Japan and Neolithic Zhejiang, China. Economic Botany 64(3):260-265. Horrocks M, Shane PA, Barber IG, D’Costa DM, and Nichol SL. 2004. Microbotanical remains reveal Polynesian agriculture and mixed cropping in early New Zealand. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 131:147-157. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.003 Horrocks M, and Wozniak JA. 2008. Plant microfossil analysis reveals disturbed forest and a mixed-crop, dryland production system at Te Niu, Easter Island. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(1):126-142.doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.014 Kistler L, Montenegro , Smith BD, Gifford JA, Green RE, Newsom LA, and Shapiro B. 2014. Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(8):2937-2941. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1318678111 Kudo Y, and Sasaki Y. 2010. Characterization of Plant Remains on Jomon Potteries Excavated from the Shimo-yakebe Site, Tokyo, Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 158:1-26. (in Japanese) Pearsall DM. 2008. Plant domestication. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1822-1842. doi:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00081-9 Schaffer AA, and Paris HS. 2003. Melons, squashes and gourds. In: Caballero B, editor. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. second ed. London: Elsevier. p 3817-3826. doi: 10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00760-4 Smith BD. 2005. Reassessing Coxcatlan Cave and the early history of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(27):9438-9445. Zeder MA, Emshwiller E, Smith BD, and Bradley DG. 2006. Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology. Trends in Genetics 22(3):139-155. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007

To what degree are these representation positive,negative, or Essay

To what degree are these representation positive,negative, or politically mixed - Essay Example Television is embedded into culture and therefore significantly explains the observed gradual transformation of the social order through centuries. In respect of the Sex and The City (2003), â€Å"A Woman’s Right To Shoes† (season 6, episode 9) it is evident that the television technology is one of the greatest players when it comes to social reorganization that has been experienced over the years. It is imperative that some of the terms in this topic of gender under television media analysis are defined to give an insight into the underlying supportive ideas over the subject. Cultural forum is one of the concepts that need clear definition in respect of the existing relationship between television and media. In respect of television technology, the contemporary cultural system of the world undergoes continuous examination by the work of art. Television coverage explores various issues around the world and the aggregate role of this media therefore sums up as either inf ormative or entertaining. The outstanding function of television is its exemplary recognition of the female gender, the minority group and children in the social framework. By transmitting various scenes of socio-political issues across the world, television has significantly opened up the society and is almost initiating a gradual convergence in culture which promotes awareness of women rights and affirmative action. Television discussions are also giving men consideration in terms of fair treatment from the fairer sex as cast by this episode. Sex is represented as a biological concept that distinguishes anatomy of humanity in the society while gender is derived from the social definition. The television has been instrumental in exploring the gender biasness that exists between women and men. In respect of the program line up in the television channels, it is common to find that the timing and planning is strategically formulated in a way that it befits the various audiences. The e merging reorganization of the television content including the soaps, live shows, talks are targeting a given audience with a hint on the work and leisure relationship. The widespread cases of housewives that were common gave the television program managers incentive to come up with family chores related discussions. The concepts highlighted in the episode above gives an extensive family issues twists and the contemporary change of events as far as the gender roles are concerned. Television has been one of the political tools for helping women get their voice heard in the cycle of politics in the society. This is achieved through debates that expose women as the equals of men in terms of political leadership. Social constructionism has played a vital role in helping research remold the grounded theory in social research. The social constructionists have been on the view that knowledge is not created by constructed. The media have the in-depth psychological concepts of its audience a nd this has been an advantage at their disposal in constructing various issues which when passed to the people they perceive as true. Television causes a lot of illusion that cannot be avoided by any person due to the uncensored explanations they provide to support their findings. This has been the force behind the outcry on the unfair gender disparity in terms of various decision making institutions. Political scene around the world has greatly been influenced by